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Distribution and Status of Maize Common Smut (Ustilago maydis) at West Wollega, Ethiopia
Abay Guta,
Urgessa Tilahun
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
48-54
Received:
15 June 2021
Accepted:
28 July 2021
Published:
18 August 2021
Abstract: Maize common smut assessment survey was conducted in the five districts of west and kellem Wollega zones namely Dale Sadi, Gimbi, Haru, Homa and Lalo Kile in 2015 during crop season. Among all cereals, maize is second to tef in area coverage in Ethiopia, but first in productivity and total production. Maize smut was seen as an outbreak at Kellam Wollega although it was not well known so before. The survey was conducted in 36 peasant associations (PA) and 67 fields in the five districts of the two zones. Stratified sampling technique was applied in the survey. Peasant association were randomly selected from all Districts and was based on randomly selected maize farm fields. The locations in each Peasant association were at least 4 km (by car speedometer) apart depend on the topography and the relative importance of maize production. The common smut surveyed was moved diagonally “X” shape from one angle to other angle points using 3m x 3m (9 m2) quadrates. Prevalence of maize common smut was 100% in all the districts and the exotic disease species have recently been introduced to the two Zones. This common maize smut was how to introduce not well known. The lowest and highest disease incidence recorded in Haru and Dale Sadi 14.65% and 22.99%, respectively. Dale sadi was recorded the highest average severity of 23.55%, followed by Lalo Kile District with an average severity of 21.7% and the Haru District with lowest disease severity record of 16.21%. The linear regression showed that highly significant different (p<0.01) and for each 100 m decrease in altitude disease incidence and severity of maize smut at (dough stage) increase by 0.212% and 0.232% respectively. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, incidence and severity of maize common smut species in two Zones.
Abstract: Maize common smut assessment survey was conducted in the five districts of west and kellem Wollega zones namely Dale Sadi, Gimbi, Haru, Homa and Lalo Kile in 2015 during crop season. Among all cereals, maize is second to tef in area coverage in Ethiopia, but first in productivity and total production. Maize smut was seen as an outbreak at Kellam Wo...
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Floristic Composition and Structure of Mangrove forest in Macuze, Central of Mozambique
Anaidene Lacerda Joao,
Merlindo Jacinto Manjate,
Alfredo Santos Duvane,
Valerio Pedro,
Remigio Rangel Nhamussua
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
55-60
Received:
17 March 2021
Accepted:
10 April 2021
Published:
19 August 2021
Abstract: Despite its importance, mangroves are considered in the current context the most vulnerable and susceptible to degradation, due to anthropic activities, therefore, studies that help in understanding these environments, such as the floristic and structural characterization of vegetation are necessary. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the floristic and phytosociological characteristics of the Macuze-Sede mangrove in the district of Namacurra in the province of Zambézia, in central Mozambique. Twenty-four plots measuring 20 m x 20 m (400 m²), were installed through systematic sampling, where all arboreal individuals with diameter at breast height (DBH) greater than or equal to 10 cm were quantified. The diameter at breast height of all individuals were grouped into classes, and the phytosociological parameters (absolute and relative density, absolute and relative frequency, absolute and relative dominance, and importance value index) of the species were calculated. In the study area 546 individuals were quantified and seven species identified, distributed among 7 genera and 5 families. The density was 568.75 trees per hectare, the mean diameter was 13.07 cm and the total basal area 7.97 m2/ha. In the diametric distribution, most individuals fitted into the smallest classes. Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. var. marina presented the largest number of individuals (340) and the highest values in all phytosociological parameters, with an importance value of 52.8%. Thus, it was found that Avicennia marina is the most important species for the study area, and showing that it is the species widely distributed in Mozambique according to other studys.
Abstract: Despite its importance, mangroves are considered in the current context the most vulnerable and susceptible to degradation, due to anthropic activities, therefore, studies that help in understanding these environments, such as the floristic and structural characterization of vegetation are necessary. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the ...
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Comparative Evaluation of Transplanting and Sowing on Growth and Yield of Tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)) at Jimma and Buno Bedele South Western Ethiopia
Sisay Gurmu,
Muhidin Biya,
Eshetu Yadete
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
61-71
Received:
4 August 2021
Accepted:
18 August 2021
Published:
24 August 2021
Abstract: Field experiments were conducted for four consecutive years (2013-2016) under rain-fed conditions in South Western part of Ethiopia, to evaluate the time of transplanting and direct planting of different seed rates either in row or broadcast for improving growth and yield of tef. The experiment had two time of transplanting tef seedling (at 10 and 20 ahead of planting); five tef seed rates (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 kg ha-1) planted in rows and two tef seed rates (5 and 25 kg ha-1) planted in broadcasting. The experiment was designed in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Over year and locations mean results revealed that all parameters (number of tiller per plant, plant height, Panicle length, lodging percent, grain yield, aboveground biomass, straw yield and harvest index) were significantly affected by different planting methods (transplanting, row planting and broadcasting) and seed rates. Seedlings raised in nursery for 10 days ahead of planting then transplanted to plots at sowing time gave the highest number of tillers per plant, plant height, panicle length, grain yield, straw yield and above ground biomass. Whereas, the lowest seed rate 5 kg ha-1 with both broadcasting and row planting gave the lowest grain yield, straw yield, above ground biomass and also lodging percent. Broadcast seeds at the rate of 25 kg ha-1 gave the lowest number of tillers per plant, plant height and panicle length and gave the highest lodging percent. These results indicated as the seed rate increases the problem of lodging of tef increases. The Partial budget analysis revealed that the higher net benefit and higher marginal rate of return were obtained from drill seeds in rows of 20 cm apart at the rate of 10 kg ha-1 and broadcast seed at rate of 25 kg ha-1 with values of 4004% and 3351%, respectively. This is, therefore, drill seeds in rows of 20 cm apart at the rate of 10 kg ha-1 and broadcast seed at rate of 25 kg ha-1 can be used to high and economic yield of tef at South Western parts of Ethiopia.
Abstract: Field experiments were conducted for four consecutive years (2013-2016) under rain-fed conditions in South Western part of Ethiopia, to evaluate the time of transplanting and direct planting of different seed rates either in row or broadcast for improving growth and yield of tef. The experiment had two time of transplanting tef seedling (at 10 and ...
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Tree Species Diversity in Smallholder Coffee Farms of Bedeno District, Eastern Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
Zekwan Shek-Yusuf Ahmed,
Lisanework Nigatu,
Eyasu Mekonnen
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
72-85
Received:
26 August 2021
Accepted:
17 September 2021
Published:
26 September 2021
Abstract: Although, Coffee agroforestry have a considerable contribution in supporting biodiversity, yet their contribution are insufficiently documented. Thus, this study was aimed to assess the diversity tree species in small holder coffee farms in Bedeno district, East Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Eleven kebeles were selected purposively and four of them were randomly selected from which 119 households were selected, whose coffee farms used for Tree inventories in this study. The study was carried out in between October 28, 2019 and April 15, 2020. Data was analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and Microsoft Office Excel 2010, using descriptive statistics such as means, percentages and frequency. A total of 53 tree species representing 28 families, constituting 69.8% indigenous and 30.2% exotic tree species were recorded in the current study coffee farms. The result of this study shows significant difference (p<0.05) between three wealth categories across four study kebeles and tree species diversity of coffee farms influenced by wealth status of the household. The rich class owned more diversified tree species. The highest and lowest mean value of richness (11.5, 3), Shannon index (2.3, 0.9) and abundance (22.8, 4.8) were recorded on the farm of rich and poor household respectively. There was no significant difference among the study kebeles and the position of kebeles was not influenced tree species diversity in this specific study. Therefore, traditional shade based coffee production system should be encouraged for tree species diversity conservation in smallholder coffee farms.
Abstract: Although, Coffee agroforestry have a considerable contribution in supporting biodiversity, yet their contribution are insufficiently documented. Thus, this study was aimed to assess the diversity tree species in small holder coffee farms in Bedeno district, East Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Eleven kebeles were selected purposivel...
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Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Kinetin on Germination and Ion Accumulation in a Bangladesh Wheat Variety Under Salt Stress Conditions
Nahid Akhtar,
Abdul Karim,
Sadia Afrin,
Feroza Hossain
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
86-91
Received:
5 August 2021
Accepted:
17 September 2021
Published:
12 October 2021
Abstract: Salinity is the major environmental stress that restricts on agricultural productivity in arid and semiarid regions by a reduction in the germination rate. Experiments were carried out to assess the role of gibberellic acid (GA3) and kinetin on germination and ion accumulation in a Bangladesh wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety, namely Akbar under salt stress conditions. Increasing salt (NaCl) stress conditions consistently decreased the rate of germination of wheat. Gibberellic acid alone or in combination with kinetin alleviated the inhibitory effects of salinity on germination. However, kinetin alone further decreased the rate of germination under salt stress. Salt (NaCl) stress increased the accumulation of Na+ and Cl- while it decreased K+ accumulation in germinating seeds. Gibberellic acid caused an increase in K+ accumulation and a decrease in Na+ and Cl- accumulation in the germinating seeds. Kinetin increased Cl- accumulation and decreased K+ accumulation in salinity stressed wheat seedlings. Therefore, GA3 prominently relieved salt stress and improved the seed germination of wheat.
Abstract: Salinity is the major environmental stress that restricts on agricultural productivity in arid and semiarid regions by a reduction in the germination rate. Experiments were carried out to assess the role of gibberellic acid (GA3) and kinetin on germination and ion accumulation in a Bangladesh wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety, namely Akbar under...
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Rheological Properties Study of Oral Hydrogels Containing Phenobarbital for a Potiential Pediatric Use
Alphonse Rodrigue Djiboune,
Nicolas Anton,
Papa Mady Sy,
Louis Augustin Diaga Diouf,
Gora Mbaye,
Sidy Mouhamed Dieng,
Mamadou Soumboundou,
Thierry Vandamme,
Mounibe Diarra
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
92-99
Received:
29 November 2021
Accepted:
21 December 2021
Published:
29 December 2021
Abstract: This present study is a continuation of our work entitled “pH-thermosensitive oral chitosan-based hydrogels containing phenobarbital for a potential pediatric use”. The results of that previous study have shown their potential use in newborns in particular premature newborns while the oral form containing phenobarbital is a tablet and is unsuitable for newborns. Thus, in order to have a suitable device for the administration of hydrogels oral formulations to newborns, we have done rheology studies to complement our work. For this we have studied the variation of the viscosity of hydrogels containing phenobarbital as a function of shear rate and time. Phenobarbital is an active drug used in neonatal treatment of epilepsy. The viscosity measurements of hydrogels are carried out using a Fungilab V'PAD Rotational Viscometer (100–240V/50–60Hz) Type 'R series then ANOVA test was used to analysis the results. The results showed that the hydrogels had a non-Newtonian behavior with shear-thinning and thixotropic type which depends on the chitosan concentration, the storage temperature hydrogels, the presence of Eudragit E100 and the final solution’s pH. Rheological properties study have shown that a syringe-type device would be suitable for oral administration of hydrogels formulations to neonates.
Abstract: This present study is a continuation of our work entitled “pH-thermosensitive oral chitosan-based hydrogels containing phenobarbital for a potential pediatric use”. The results of that previous study have shown their potential use in newborns in particular premature newborns while the oral form containing phenobarbital is a tablet and is unsuitable...
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